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| Origin of two-nation theory - I | | | A N Bharadwaj | 7/23/2014 9:20:48 PM |
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During British regime destability,
distress, tension and chaos were all over prevailed in India, because a burning desire among the people was to root out the foreign rule, for which they had been agitating about its oppressing rule through demonstration s, strikes and shut down under Hindu-Muslim unity, During those days, Mahatma Gandhi along with his colleagues started non-violence agitation in full swing to show their resentment against that rule. At that time during the course of discussion, some proposals were brought out for carrying on the future political plan against British Imperialism, out of which there was one proposal that the religion may not be allowed to include in politics as a principle, besides the simmering differences on the issue of identity for their nationality began to emerge among Muslims for their independent state.
In continuation to that M A Jinnah President, All India Muslim League at its Lahore session in 1940 declared in his presidential address by adopting a resolution favouring a division of British India for the purpose to project identity for Muslim nation with separate home land as there was not possibilities for Hindus and Muslims to live together in a common nationality. They were in believe that the ways of their life of living in social customs and traditions deriving inspiration from their different source of history in the light of their religious philosophy and of non-inter-marry, inter-dine and social boycott in all respects continuously, it was not possible for them to assimilate in Hindu society
In the meanwhile during leading the nation against British Imperialism Congress slipped inadvertently and committed some follies which were resented by the Muslims headed by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1857 onwards who had earlier kept Muslims to join Congress and regard Hindus and Muslims as two eyes of a maiden. He said in his speech made in 1885, at Gurdaspur Punjab that the word 'Nation' was applied to the citizens of one country, though they differed in some peculiarities which were characteristic of their own. The Hindus and the Muslims were the citizens of India. He further said, that Hinds and Muslims were only meant for religious distinction. They all had been living in the same country whether they belonged to any religion, but they belong to one and the same nation. Therefore, they must unite for the good of the country, which was at present suffering in distress, tension, and chaos. He stressed that the word 'Nation' was self explanatory which denoted on its own for the citizens of the country who so ever had been living there Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, and Christians and others. It was not worth considering what their religious faith was. The fountain of the benefits and facilities for all were the same. He desired for the prosperity of that Nation.
Afterwards, he warned Government sternly that under the influence of political interest, the representatives in the institutions were suited only to those countries which had homogeneous population; but that in India, where population was extremely heterogeneous, parliamentary institutions could not be introduced without grave socio-political risk. When he got information for establishing popular councils in 1906, a deputation of prominent Muslims called on Viceroy with the demand for separate representation for Muslim community under Two-Nation theory, which was being advocated by them.
During those days, some political upheavals on global level were happened such as Italy invasion of Libya, repeal of partition of Bengal, attack on Turkey by Balkan States and the killing of Muslims at Canpore on the issue of road building project , those all factors changed the mental outlook of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan who revolted openly against Hindus and demanded responsible self-government for Muslims which was their political goal, and brought All India Muslim League in line parallel with Congress. The leaders of these two political organizations started to campaign vide their outlook among the people and decided to hold their annual session to propagate their demand among the people. The Congress in its session passed a controversial Lucknow Pact of 1916 which was incorporated in the Government of India Act of 1919. There was far reaching importance in its implications; because of the Congress acknowledged the Hindus and the Muslims were two separate nations. Thus the Congress resiled claiming to represent the whole of the Indian people and reduced the ideology of its movement. .During campaigning by these two political parties according to their outlook, the 1sr World War left signs for conceiving a passionate desire for sovereign rule also for their people of India. At that time, M K Gandhi appeared on political horizon. Having looked in to the immense desire of the people to get rid from the yoke of British imperialism, he issued a alarming Call for Hindu-Muslim unity in 1919-1922, with an aim at to throw out foreign rule with the advice to keep away the pious religion at bay for not mixing it with political campaign. The Congress on the basis of that principle tried to organize the united front with geographical, economical, and united passionate desire, but unfortunately, those efforts exerted by Gandhi were remained unsuccessful, because he was arrested and his movement could not further excel itself, ultimately that was failed.
In the meanwhile, Madan Mohan Malviya, Swami Sharda Nand, Lala
Hardyal, Veer Savarkar, and Lala Lajpat Rai, appeared on political horizon to continue his movement, but their organizational campaign could not develop confidence among the Muslims resulting in developing of frustration among them, in view of the imbalanced, partial and divisible resolution passed by the Congress that its members would not join any political party, but the Hindus were exempted, i.e. the policy which was followed for Muslims, the same was not imposed on Hindus, which retaliated them. That turned the hostile situation. They started to chant their old demand to recognize them as a nation by granting a home land. After his release from jail in 1924, M K Gandhi found that the country was suffocating in dividing grip of its own communal faiths, which shocked him. To bring the nation on secular track, he exerted his efforts from de nove. To that time he emerged as a national leader and appeared in forefront on the Congress stage. He launched Civil Disobedience movement against British Government, but the Muslims of the country avoided to participate in that movement. However, before he left to London for Round Table Conference in 1931, an effort was again exerted to bring the Hindus and Muslims under one flag, but he failed to get any positive results according to his desire, In the meanwhile, M A Jinnah emerged on the scene to represent the Muslims, which changed the national politics of the country. On the other side, the Brutish diplomats took an opportunity to confuse Congress on the issue of sole representative of the people of India. That changing political situation inspired Muslims and gained a momentum to plead their demand under the leadership of Jinnah for due political share to associate with the Congress. In the meanwhile, the British Government imposed its Constitution of 1935, to give due political share to Muslims resulting in, division of the nation in to Hindus and Muslims. The Muslim League headed by Jinnah professed creed of the Constitution and the Congress did not oppose it in functioning forthcoming elections of 1937.
Therefore, the Congress under the leadership of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, justified during election campaign that there were only two parties in India-the Congress and the British Government. Hence the Congress ignored to acknowledge the Muslim identity even recognizing an associating status in the country which policy of the Congress retaliated the Muslim League and the gap between the two communities widened enormously. The Congress despite bitter cricisim and opposition got encouraging majority in the election. In that triumph, the Congress as a victorious advised to Muslim League to close down its organizational political activities in view of its national policy. It started mass contact and canvassing among the Muslims and they were asked to enlist themselves for Congress members. The Congress continued its forward march to form its government in those states where it found majority with the condition for guarantee that Governor would not exercise special powers vested in him under the Constitution for the protection of minorities. In view of the impending war of political differences, the Government took liberal attitude with the assurance to look its demand for peace that was not supported by Muslims and resented it.
The Congress after forming its government in the various States to rule the people according to its policy declared without any reference that it was under no obligation to allow Muslims for participating in its cabinet, till they resigned from their parental party and signed for Congress pledge. That partial condition for induction them in its Cabinet had further irritated them resulting in increasing communal division among the Hindus and Muslims. The performance of Congress rule could not woo the Muslims politically. The fast simmering differences continued among them, especially the Congress resolution dated 8th August1942 added more fuel to fire that on the issue of Call issued by the Congress to invite Japan for helping them in its independence movement, which was not suited to Muslims. The unbridle working without keeping the aspirations of the other people of communities, the Muslim leadership went back to follow the opinion formed durinrg1933 that there had been no scope for them for a common Hindu-Muslim national platform. Thus that situation pushed them to go for two nation campaign according to its agenda to imbibe the sense of ideology for the identity of nation among the Muslims that they had right to live with sovereign status. Accordingly, they started a country wide two nation campaign to awake the Muslims to fight for the status of sovereign nation, and its leadership passed a resolution in 1940 for home land to protect their social, religious rights independently. They reached to conclusion on the bases of imbalanced policies of the Congress that they would not be prospered and their future remained bleak under its unsecular policies.
(To be continued) |
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